Hardware-level (destructive / last resort)

: A 32-bit counter that increments with every valid write. A "clean" chip has a counter of Permanence : Normally, the RPMB key is One-Time Programmable (OTP)

Without the original authentication key (stored in the device’s TEE or secure element), the eMMC will reject the write attempt with a security violation error. SK hynix chips are notoriously strict about unauthenticated RPMB access.